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Vol. 11, No. 23,
pp. 3265-3276,
December 1, 1997
,
Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
The mesoderm of Xenopus laevis arises through an inductive
interaction in which signals from the vegetal hemisphere of the embryo
act on overlying equatorial cells. One candidate for an endogenous
mesoderm-inducing factor is activin, a member of the TGF
superfamily. Activin is of particular interest because it induces
different mesodermal cell types in a concentration-dependent manner,
suggesting that it acts as a morphogen. These concentration-dependent effects are exemplified by the response of Xbra, expression of which is induced in ectodermal tissue by low concentrations of activin
but not by high concentrations. Xbra therefore offers an
excellent paradigm for studying the way in which a morphogen gradient
is interpreted in vertebrate embryos. In this paper we examine the
trancriptional regulation of Xbra2, a pseudoallele of
Xbra that shows an identical response to activin. Our results indicate that 381 bp 5
of the Xbra2 transcription start
site are sufficient to confer responsiveness both to FGF and, in a concentration-dependent manner, to activin. We present evidence that
the suppression of Xbra expression at high concentrations of
activin is mediated by paired-type homeobox genes such as
goosecoid, Mix.1, and Xotx2.
[Key Words: Brachyury; Xenopus; mesoderm induction; activin; FGF; thresholds; homeodomain; goosecoid; Mix.1; Xotx2]
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