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Vol. 12, No. 23, pp. 3703-3714, December 1, 1998
Department of Biology, Plant Science Institute, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018 USA
Response to the gaseous plant hormone ethylene in
Arabidopsis requires the EIN3/EIL family of
nuclear proteins. The biochemical function(s) of EIN3/EIL
proteins, however, has remained unknown. In this study, we show that
EIN3 and EILs comprise a family of novel sequence-specific DNA-binding
proteins that regulate gene expression by binding directly to a primary
ethylene response element (PERE) related to the tomato E4-element.
Moreover, we identified an immediate target of EIN3,
ETHYLENE-RESPONSE-FACTOR1 (ERF1), which contains this
element in its promoter. EIN3 is necessary and sufficient for
ERF1 expression, and, like EIN3-overexpression in
transgenic plants, constitutive expression of ERF1 results in
the activation of a variety of ethylene response genes and phenotypes.
Evidence is also provided that ERF1 acts downstream of EIN3 and all
other components of the ethylene signaling pathway. The results
demonstrate that the nuclear proteins EIN3 and ERF1 act sequentially in
a cascade of transcriptional regulation initiated by ethylene gas.
[Key Words: Plants; Arabidopsis; EIN3; ERF1; transcription]
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