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Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 880-893, March 15, 1998
Departments of
1 Biology and
2 Chemistry,
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
In the differentiating bacterium Caulobacter crescentus,
the cell division initiation protein FtsZ is present in only one of the
two cell types. Stalked cells initiate a new round of DNA replication
immediately after cell division and contain FtsZ, whereas the progeny
swarmer cells are unable to initiate DNA replication and do not contain
FtsZ. We show that FtsZ expression is controlled by cell
cycle-dependent transcription and proteolysis. Transcription of
ftsZ is repressed in swarmer cells and is activated
concurrently with the initiation of DNA replication. At the end of the
DNA replication period, transcription of ftsZ decreases
substantially. We show that the global cell cycle regulator CtrA is
involved in the cell cycle control of ftsZ transcription. CtrA
binds to a site that overlaps the ftsZ transcription start
site. Removal of the CtrA-binding site results in transcription of the
ftsZ promoter in swarmer cells. Decreasing the cellular
concentration of CtrA increases ftsZ transcription and
conversely, increasing the concentration of CtrA decreases ftsZ
transcription. Because CtrA is present in swarmer cells, is degraded at
the same time as ftsZ transcription begins, and reappears when
ftsZ transcription decreases at the end of the cell cycle, we
propose that CtrA is a repressor of ftsZ transcription. We show
that proteolysis is an important determinant of cell type-specific
distribution and cell cycle variation of FtsZ. FtsZ is stable when it
is synthesized and assembles into the cytokinetic ring at the beginning
of the cell cycle. After the initiation of cell division, the rate of FtsZ degradation increases as both the constriction site and the FtsZ
ring decrease in diameter. When ftsZ is expressed
constitutively from inducible promoters, the abundance of FtsZ still
varies during the cell cycle. The coupling of transcription and
proteolysis to cell division ensures that FtsZ is inherited only by the
progeny cell that will begin DNA replication immediately after cell division.
[Key Words: Caulobacter; FtsZ; cell division; proteolysis; cell cycle; differentiation]
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