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Vol. 13, No. 11, pp. 1422-1437, June 1, 1999
1 Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Center,
McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada;
3 Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7730 USA; 4 Cell
Signaling Laboratory, New England Biolabs, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915 USA; 5 Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina 27710 USA; 6 Signal Pharmaceutical,
San Diego, California 92121 USA
The multisubunit eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4F
recruits 40S ribosomal subunits to the 5' end of mRNA. The eIF4F
subunit eIF4E interacts directly with the mRNA 5' cap structure.
Assembly of the eIF4F complex is inhibited by a family of repressor
polypeptides, the eIF4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs). Binding of the
4E-BPs to eIF4E is regulated by phosphorylation: Hypophosphorylated
4E-BP isoforms interact strongly with eIF4E, whereas
hyperphosphorylated isoforms do not. 4E-BP1 is hypophosphorylated in
quiescent cells, but is hyperphosphorylated on multiple sites following
exposure to a variety of extracellular stimuli. The PI3-kinase/Akt pathway and
the kinase FRAP/mTOR signal to 4E-BP1. FRAP/mTOR has
been reported to phosphorylate 4E-BP1 directly in vitro. However, it is
not known if FRAP/mTOR is responsible for the
phosphorylation of all 4E-BP1 sites, nor which sites must be
phosphorylated to release 4E-BP1 from eIF4E. To address these questions, a recombinant FRAP/mTOR protein and a
FRAP/mTOR immunoprecipitate were utilized in in vitro
kinase assays to phosphorylate 4E-BP1. Phosphopeptide mapping of the in
vitro-labeled protein yielded two 4E-BP1 phosphopeptides that
comigrated with phosphopeptides produced in vivo. Mass spectrometry
analysis indicated that these peptides contain phosphorylated Thr-37
and Thr-46. Thr-37 and Thr-46 are efficiently phosphorylated in vitro
by FRAP/mTOR when 4E-BP1 is bound to eIF4E. However,
phosphorylation at these sites was not associated with a loss of eIF4E
binding. Phosphorylated Thr-37 and Thr-46 are detected in all
phosphorylated in vivo 4E-BP1 isoforms, including those that interact
with eIF4E. Finally, mutational analysis demonstrated that
phosphorylation of Thr-37/Thr-46 is required for
subsequent phosphorylation of several carboxy-terminal serum-sensitive
sites. Taken together, our results suggest that 4E-BP1 phosphorylation
by FRAP/mTOR on Thr-37 and Thr-46 is a priming event for
subsequent phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal serum-sensitive sites.
[Key Words: Phosphorylation regulation; translation initiation; rapamycin; signal transduction]
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