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Vol. 13, No. 15, pp. 2028-2038, August 1, 1999
Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
97403 USA; 1 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 USA
In a four-cell-stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, Wnt
signaling polarizes an endoderm precursor called EMS. The polarization of this cell orients its mitotic spindle in addition to inducing endodermal fate in one daughter cell. Reducing the function of Wnt
pathway genes, including a newly identified
GSK-3
homolog called gsk-3, disrupts
endoderm induction, whereas only a subset of these genes is required
for proper EMS mitotic spindle orientation. Wnt pathway genes thought
to act downstream of gsk-3 appear not to be required for
spindle orientation, suggesting that gsk-3 represents a branch
point in the control of endoderm induction and spindle orientation.
Orientation of the mitotic spindle does not require gene transcription
in EMS, suggesting that Wnt signaling may directly target the
cytoskeleton in a responding cell.
[Key Words: Cell polarity; endoderm; inductive signaling; mesoderm; cytoskeleton; wingless]
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