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Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 483-492, February 15, 2000

RESEARCH PAPER
The stringent response in Myxococcus xanthus is regulated by SocE and the CsgA C-signaling protein

Eugene W. Crawford Jr., and Lawrence J. Shimkets1

Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens Georgia 30602-2605 USA

Myxococcus xanthus fruiting body development is induced by amino acid limitation. The decision to grow or develop is established by the RelA-dependent stringent response and A-signaling. We identified two new members of this regulatory hierarchy, socE and the C-signaling gene csgA. SocE depletion arrests growth and induces sporulation under conditions that normally favor growth as well as curtailing DNA and stable RNA synthesis, inhibiting cell elongation, and inducing accumulations of the stringent nucleotides ppGpp and pppGpp [(p)ppGpp]. This system separates C-signaling, which does not occur under these conditions, from CsgA enzyme activity. Amino acid substitutions in the CsgA coenzyme binding pocket or catalytic site eliminate growth arrest. relA mutation also eliminates growth arrest. Eleven pseudorevertants selected for growth following SocE depletion contained mutations in csgA or relA. These results suggest that CsgA induces the stringent response and while SocE inhibits it. Unlike the csgA mutant, wild-type and socE csgA cells maintained high levels of (p)ppGpp throughout development. We suggest that CsgA maintains growth arrest throughout development to divert carbon from A-signaling and other sources into developmental macromolecular synthesis.

[Key Words: M. xanthus; development; fruiting body formation; cell-cell signaling; growth control; stringent response]

1 Corresponding author.

GENES & DEVELOPMENT 14:483-492 © 2000 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press  ISSN 0890-9369/00 $5.00
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