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Vol. 15, No. 15, pp. 2010-2022, August 1, 2001
1 Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of
Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
2 Laboratory of Molecular Vertebrate Embryology, The
Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA;
3 International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR,
80125 Naples, Italy
Nodal proteins have crucial roles in mesendoderm formation and
left-right patterning during vertebrate development. The molecular mechanisms of signal transduction by Nodal and related ligands, however, are not fully understood. In this paper, we present
biochemical and functional evidence that the orphan type I
serine/threonine kinase receptor ALK7 acts as a receptor for mouse
Nodal and Xenopus Nodal-related 1 (Xnr1). Receptor
reconstitution experiments indicate that ALK7 collaborates with ActRIIB
to confer responsiveness to Xnr1 and Nodal. Both receptors can
independently bind Xnr1. In addition, Cripto, an extracellular protein
genetically implicated in Nodal signaling, can independently interact
with both Xnr1 and ALK7, and its expression greatly enhances the
ability of ALK7 and ActRIIB to respond to Nodal ligands. The Activin
receptor ALK4 is also able to mediate Nodal signaling but only in the
presence of Cripto, with which it can also interact directly. A
constitutively activated form of ALK7 mimics the mesendoderm-inducing
activity of Xnr1 in Xenopus embryos, whereas a
dominant-negative ALK7 specifically blocks the activities of Nodal and
Xnr1 but has little effect on other related ligands. In contrast, a
dominant-negative ALK4 blocks all mesoderm-inducing ligands tested,
including Nodal, Xnr1, Xnr2, Xnr4, and Activin. In agreement with a
role in Nodal signaling, ALK7 mRNA is localized to the ectodermal and
organizer regions of Xenopus gastrula embryos and is expressed
during early stages of mouse embryonic development. Therefore, our
results indicate that both ALK4 and ALK7 can mediate signal
transduction by Nodal proteins, although ALK7 appears to be a receptor
more specifically dedicated to Nodal signaling.
[Key Words:
Mesendoderm; TGF-
; ActRIIB; Xnr1; Oep; Cripto]
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