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Vol. 15, No. 16, pp. 2069-2082, August 15, 2001
Department of Oncology, DNAX Research Institute,
Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
The Myc protein binds DNA and activates transcription by mechanisms
that are still unclear. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to
evaluate Myc-dependent changes in histone acetylation at seven target
loci. Upon serum stimulation of Rat1 fibroblasts, Myc associated with
chromatin, histone H4 became locally hyperacetylated, and gene
expression was induced. These responses were lost or severely impaired
in Myc-deficient cells, but were restored by adenoviral delivery of Myc
simultaneous with mitogenic stimulation. When targeted to chromatin in
the absence of mitogens, Myc directly induced H4 acetylation. In
addition, Myc recruited TRRAP to chromatin, consistent with a role for
this cofactor in histone acetylation. Finally, unlike serum, Myc alone
was very inefficient in inducing expression of most target genes. Myc
therefore governs a step, most likely H4 acetylation, that is required
but not sufficient for transcriptional activation. We propose that Myc
acts as a permissive factor, allowing additional signals to activate
target promoters.
[Key Words: Chromatin; histone acetylation; Myc; TRRAP; HAT; nucleolin]
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