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Vol. 16, No. 15, pp. 2006-2020, August 1, 2002
1 Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of
Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan;
2 Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Graduate School of
Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
3 Laboratory of Applied Plant Genomics, National Institute of
Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
Phytochromes confer the photoperiodic control of flowering in rice
(Oryza sativa), a short-day plant. To better understand the
molecular mechanisms of day-length recognition, we examined the
interaction between phytochrome signals and circadian clocks in
photoperiodic-flowering mutants of rice. Monitoring behaviors of
circadian clocks revealed that phase setting of circadian clocks is not
affected either under short-day (SD) or under long-day (LD) conditions
in a phytochrome-deficient mutant that shows an early-flowering
phenotype with no photoperiodic response. Non-24-hr-light/dark-cycle experiments revealed that a rice counterpart gene of Arabidopsis CONSTANS (CO), named PHOTOPERIOD SENSITIVITY 1 (Heading date 1) [SE1 (Hd1)], functions as an
output of circadian clocks. In addition, the phytochrome deficiency
does not affect the diurnal mRNA expression of SE1 upon floral
transition. Downstream floral switch genes were further identified with
rice orthologs of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT).
Our RT-PCR data indicate that phytochrome signals repress mRNA
expression of FT orthologs, whereas SE1 can function to
promote and suppress mRNA expression of the FT orthologs under SD and LD, respectively. This SE1 transcriptional activity may be
posttranscriptionally regulated and may depend on the coincidence with
Pfr phytochromes. We propose a model to explain how a short-day plant
recognizes the day length in photoperiodic flowering.
[Key Words: Photoperiodism; flowering time; phytochrome; circadian clock; the external coincidence model; rice]
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