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RESEARCH COMMUNICATION
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA
How do very diverse signaling pathways induce neural differentiation in Xenopus? Anti-BMP (Chordin), FGF8, and IGF2 signals are integrated in the embryo via the regulation of Smad1 phosphorylation. Neural induction results from the combined inhibition of BMP receptor serine/threonine kinases and activation of receptor tyrosine kinases that signal through MAPK and phosphorylate Smad1 in the linker region, further inhibiting Smad1 transcriptional activity. This hard-wired molecular mechanism at the level of the Smad1 transcription factor may help explain the opposing activities of IGF, FGF, and BMP signals not only in neural induction, but also in other aspects of vertebrate development.
[Keywords: IGF; FGF; BMP; Smad; Chordin; neural induction; Xenopus]
Received September 18, 2003; revised version accepted October 24, 2003.
1 Present address: Institut für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Abteilung Entwicklungsbiochemie, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
2 Corresponding author.
E-MAIL derobert{at}hhmi.ucla.edu; FAX (310) 206-2008.
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