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RESEARCH PAPER
Gene Center and Institute of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
Nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) are regulatory DNA sequences that are important for higher-order chromatin organization, long-range enhancer function, and extension of chromatin modifications. Here we characterize a novel cell type-specific MAR-binding protein, SATB2, which binds to the MARs of the endogenous immunoglobulin µ locus in pre-B cells and enhances gene expression. We found that SATB2 differs from the closely related thymocyte-specific protein SATB1 by modifications of two lysines with the small ubiquitive related modifier (SUMO), which are augmented specifically by the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1. Mutations of the SUMO conjugation sites of SATB2 enhance its activation potential and association with endogenous MARs in vivo, whereas N-terminal fusions with SUMO1 or SUMO3 decrease SATB2-mediated gene activation. Sumoylation is also involved in targeting SATB2 to the nuclear periphery, raising the possibility that this reversible modification of a MAR-binding protein may contribute to the modulation of subnuclear DNA localization.
[Keywords: SUMO; MAR; SATB2; PIAS1; nuclear matrix]
Received September 16, 2003; revised version accepted November 15, 2003.
1 Corresponding author.
E-MAIL rgross{at}lmb.uni-muenchen.de; FAX 49-89-2180-76949.
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