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Published online before print December 1, 2006, 10.1101/gad.1481706
GENES & DEVELOPMENT 20:3395-3406, 2006
©2006 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 0890-9369/ $5.00
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Defining the transcriptional redundancy of early bodywall muscle development in C. elegans: evidence for a unified theory of animal muscle development

Tetsunari Fukushige1, Thomas M. Brodigan1, Lawrence A. Schriefer3, Robert H. Waterston2, and Michael Krause1,4

1 Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; 2 Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; 3 Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA

Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) are required for mammalian skeletal myogenesis. In contrast, bodywall muscle is readily detectable in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos lacking activity of the lone MRF ortholog HLH-1, indicating that additional myogenic factors must function in the nematode. We find that two additional C. elegans proteins, UNC-120/SRF and HND-1/HAND, can convert naïve blastomeres to muscle when overproduced ectopically in the embryo. In addition, we have used genetic null mutants to demonstrate that both of these factors act in concert with HLH-1 to regulate myogenesis. Loss of all three factors results in embryos that lack detectable bodywall muscle differentiation, identifying this trio as a set that is both necessary and sufficient for bodywall myogenesis in C. elegans. In mammals, SRF and HAND play prominent roles in regulating smooth and cardiac muscle development. That C. elegans bodywall muscle development is dependent on transcription factors that are associated with all three types of mammalian muscle supports a theory that all animal muscle types are derived from a common ancestral contractile cell type.

[Keywords: Myogenesis; MyoD; SRF; HAND]

Received August 14, 2006; revised version accepted October 26, 2006.

4 Corresponding author.

E-MAIL mwkrause{at}helix.nih.gov; FAX (301) 496-0201.

Supplemental material is avaliable at http://www.genesdev.org.

Article published online ahead of print. Article and publication date are online at http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gad.1481706


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