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Vol. 15, No. 18, pp. 2321-2342, September 15, 2001
B signaling pathways in mammalian and insect innate immunity
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| The first 100 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
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Innate immunity |
|---|
Innate immunity is the first line of defense
against infectious microorganisms. The innate immune system relies on
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize
pathogen-derived substances (Janeway 1989
). Activation of the innate
immune system through these receptors leads to the expression of a vast
array of antimicrobial effector molecules that attack microorganisms at
many different levels. The innate immune system appeared early in
evolution, and the basic mechanisms of pathogen recognition and
activation of the response are conserved throughout much of the animal
kingdom (Hoffmann et al. 1999).
In contrast to innate immunity, the adaptive immune system
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