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REVIEW
Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, USA
| The first 100 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
Antibody-mediated immunity is critical to the resistance of vertebrate species to pathogenic organisms. Although low-affinity immunoglobin (Ig) M antibodies circulate in the blood prior to encountering pathogens, high-affinity IgG and IgA antibodies are required to inactivate toxins, neutralize viruses, and promote the clearance of microorganisms. Individuals, such as those with hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM), who lack the ability to make such high-affinity IgG and IgA antibodies, are unable to combat bacterial and viral infections and usually die at a young age (Revy et al. 2000
; Imai et al. 2003). Prior to exposure to antigen, the initial generation of a
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The characteristics of SHM |
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Characteristics of class switch recombination |
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Molecules involved in SHM and CSR |
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Uracil N-glycosylase
Mismatch repair proteins
Error-prone DNA polymerases
Nonhomologous end joining
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Model for the production of mutations in both SHM and CSR |
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Is MMR playing a direct or indirect role in SHM and CSR? |
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How is AID targeted to the V and S regions but not to other genes? |
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Are there cis-acting sequences that target AID for mutations?
Does chromatin structure play a role in the targeting of SHM and CSR?
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Future Direction |
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