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Perspective
1 University of Groningen, Haren 9750 AA, The Netherlands; 2 University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy; 3 Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich 80366, Germany
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Each day we perform a ritual: We sleep for ~8 h, awaken and rise, and ~16 h later, we sleep again. This ritual is based on a temporal program that continues, although not necessarily exactly every 24 h, even if we are shielded from environmental signals such as light and dark, scheduled meals, or any social "rituals" such as work schedules. This endogenous, ~24-h oscillation, is called a circadian rhythm. Circadian clocks regulate processes from gene expression to behavior, and have been observed in all phyla. As such, the circadian system is a fundamental biological processa part of life like
| Circadian clocks in real life |
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| The importance of being phosphorylated (and dephosphorylated) |
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| Are there indications of a phoscillator in animals? |
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