![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Research Papers
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California.
Abstract
An understanding of the differences and similarities of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) systems requires knowledge of the diversity of their family members, their patterns of expression, and their pharmacological response to ligands. In this paper we report the isolation of a family of mouse RXR genes encoding three distinct receptors (RXR alpha, beta, and gamma). They are closely related to each other in their DNA- and ligand-binding domains but are quite divergent from the RAR subfamily in both structure and ligand specificity. Recently, we demonstrated that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) serves as a "pro-hormone" to the isomer 9-cis RA, which is a high-affinity ligand for the human RXR alpha. We extend those findings to show that 9-cis RA is also "retinoid X" for mouse RXR alpha, beta, and gamma. Trans-activation analyses show that although all three RXRs respond to a variety of endogenous retinoids, 9-cis RA is their most potent ligand and is up to 40-fold more active than all-trans RA. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses define a broad spectrum of expression for the RXRs, which display unique patterns and only partially overlap themselves and the RARs. This study suggests that the RXR family plays critical roles in diverse aspects of development, from embryo implantation to organogenesis and central nervous system differentiation, as well as in adult physiology.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. Murai, D. Ikegami, M. Okamoto, H. Yoshikawa, and N. Tsumaki Insulation of the Ubiquitous Rxrb Promoter from the Cartilage-specific Adjacent Gene, Col11a2 J. Biol. Chem., October 10, 2008; 283(41): 27677 - 27687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Gyamfi, L. He, S. W. French, I. Damjanov, and Y.-J. Y. Wan Hepatocyte Retinoid X Receptor {alpha}-Dependent Regulation of Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Contributes to Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2008; 324(2): 443 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Su, C. R. Bush, B. M. Necela, S. R. Calcagno, N. R. Murray, A. P. Fields, and E. A. Thompson Differential expression, distribution, and function of PPAR-{gamma} in the proximal and distal colon Physiol Genomics, August 20, 2007; 30(3): 342 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Moraes, K. E. Swales, J. A. Wray, A. Damazo, J. M. Gibbins, T. D. Warner, and D. Bishop-Bailey Nongenomic signaling of the retinoid X receptor through binding and inhibiting Gq in human platelets Blood, May 1, 2007; 109(9): 3741 - 3744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Han, H. Song, I. Moon, R. Augustin, K. Moley, M. Rogers, and H. Lim Utilization of DR1 as true RARE in regulating the Ssm, a novel retinoic acid-target gene in the mouse testis J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2007; 192(3): 539 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Auerbach, J. G. DeKeyser, M. A. Stoner, and C. J. Omiecinski CAR2 Displays Unique Ligand Binding and RXR{alpha} Heterodimerization Characteristics Drug Metab. Dispos., March 1, 2007; 35(3): 428 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. D. Baker, R. B. Beckstead, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and C. S. Thummel Functional interactions between the Moses corepressor and DHR78 nuclear receptor regulate growth in Drosophila Genes & Dev., February 15, 2007; 21(4): 450 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Germain, P. Chambon, G. Eichele, R. M. Evans, M. A. Lazar, M. Leid, A. R. De Lera, R. Lotan, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and H. Gronemeyer International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X Receptors Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2006; 58(4): 760 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Gyamfi, M. G. Kocsis, L. He, G. Dai, A. J. Mendy, and Y.-J. Y. Wan The Role of Retinoid X Receptor {alpha} in Regulating Alcohol Metabolism J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2006; 319(1): 360 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Ricote, C. S. Snyder, H.-Y. Leung, J. Chen, K. R. Chien, and C. K. Glass Normal hematopoiesis after conditional targeting of RXR{alpha} in murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2006; 80(4): 850 - 861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Wang, A. J. Mendy, G. Dai, H.-R. Luo, L. He, and Y.-J. Y. Wan Retinoids Activate the RXR/SXR-Mediated Pathway and Induce the Endogenous CYP3A4 Activity in Huh7 Human Hepatoma Cells Toxicol. Sci., July 1, 2006; 92(1): 51 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. R. Sweeney, A. H. Moser, J. K. Shigenaga, C. Grunfeld, and K. R. Feingold Decreased nuclear hormone receptor expression in the livers of mice in late pregnancy Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1313 - E1320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Yamada, S. Ohtani, T. Sakurai, T. Tsuji, T. Kunieda, and M. Yanagisawa Reduced Expression of the Endothelin Receptor Type B Gene in Piebald Mice Caused by Insertion of a Retroposon-like Element in Intron 1 J. Biol. Chem., April 21, 2006; 281(16): 10799 - 10807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-H. Mirmalek-Sani, R. S. Tare, S. M. Morgan, H. I. Roach, D. I. Wilson, N. A. Hanley, and R. O.C. Oreffo Characterization and Multipotentiality of Human Fetal Femur-Derived Cells: Implications for Skeletal Tissue Regeneration Stem Cells, April 1, 2006; 24(4): 1042 - 1053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Jacobs, D. C. Lie, K. L. DeCicco, Y. Shi, L. M. DeLuca, F. H. Gage, and R. M. Evans Retinoic acid is required early during adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus PNAS, March 7, 2006; 103(10): 3902 - 3907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J A McCarroll, P A Phillips, N Santucci, R C Pirola, J S Wilson, and M V Apte Vitamin A inhibits pancreatic stellate cell activation: implications for treatment of pancreatic fibrosis Gut, January 1, 2006; 55(1): 79 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. P. Hewitt, P. J. Mark, and B. J. Waddell Placental Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Rat Pregnancy and the Effect of Increased Glucocorticoid Exposure Biol Reprod, January 1, 2006; 74(1): 23 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Dai, N. Chou, L. He, M. A. Gyamfi, A. J. Mendy, A. L. Slitt, C. D. Klaassen, and Y.-J. Y. Wan Retinoid X Receptor {alpha} Regulates the Expression of Glutathione S-transferase Genes and Modulates Acetaminophen-Glutathione Conjugation in Mouse Liver Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2005; 68(6): 1590 - 1596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. E. Camacho, L. Serneels, K. Spittaels, P. Merchiers, D. Dominguez, and B. De Strooper Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Induces a Clearance Mechanism for the Amyloid-{beta} Peptide J. Neurosci., December 1, 2004; 24(48): 10908 - 10917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G.M. Ledda-Columbano, M. Pibiri, F. Molotzu, C. Cossu, L. Sanna, G. Simbula, A. Perra, and A. Columbano Induction of hepatocyte proliferation by retinoic acid Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2004; 25(11): 2061 - 2066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. R. Haugen, D. R. Jensen, V. Sharma, L. K. Pulawa, W. R. Hays, W. Krezel, P. Chambon, and R. H. Eckel Retinoid X Receptor {gamma}-Deficient Mice Have Increased Skeletal Muscle Lipoprotein Lipase Activity and Less Weight Gain when Fed a High-Fat Diet Endocrinology, August 1, 2004; 145(8): 3679 - 3685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Balasubramanian, R. A.S. Chandraratna, and R. L. Eckert Suppression of human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by AGN194204, an RXR-selective retinoid Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2004; 25(8): 1377 - 1385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Luria and J. D. Furlow Spatiotemporal retinoid-X receptor activation detected in live vertebrate embryos PNAS, June 15, 2004; 101(24): 8987 - 8992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Zhang, J. J. Repa, Y. Inoue, G. P. Hayhurst, F. J. Gonzalez, and D. J. Mangelsdorf Identification of a Liver-Specific Uridine Phosphorylase that Is Regulated by Multiple Lipid-Sensing Nuclear Receptors Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2004; 18(4): 851 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Engedal, A. Ertesvag, and H. K. Blomhoff Survival of activated human T lymphocytes is promoted by retinoic acid via induction of IL-2 Int. Immunol., March 1, 2004; 16(3): 443 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Li, T. Yamada, F. Wang, A. I. Vulin, and H. H. Samuels Novel Roles of Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) and RXR Ligand in Dynamically Modulating the Activity of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor/RXR Heterodimer J. Biol. Chem., February 27, 2004; 279(9): 7427 - 7437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Wallen-Mackenzie, A. M. de Urquiza, S. Petersson, F. J. Rodriguez, S. Friling, J. Wagner, P. Ordentlich, J. Lengqvist, R. A. Heyman, E. Arenas, et al. Nurr1-RXR heterodimers mediate RXR ligand-induced signaling in neuronal cells Genes & Dev., December 15, 2003; 17(24): 3036 - 3047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Jiang, P. Li, A. J. Fornace Jr., S. V. Nicosia, and W. Bai G2/M Arrest by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Ovarian Cancer Cells Mediated through the Induction of GADD45 via an Exonic Enhancer J. Biol. Chem., November 28, 2003; 278(48): 48030 - 48040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Cai, T. Dai, Y. Ao, T. Konishi, K.-H. Chuang, Y. Lue, C. Chang, and Y.-J. Y. Wan Cytochrome P450 Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Female and Male Hepatocyte Retinoid X Receptor {alpha}-Deficient Mice Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2311 - 2318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. K. Whitfield, H. T. L. Dang, S. F. Schluter, R. M. Bernstein, T. Bunag, L. A. Manzon, G. Hsieh, C. Encinas Dominguez, J. H. Youson, M. R. Haussler, et al. Cloning of a Functional Vitamin D Receptor from the Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an Ancient Vertebrate Lacking a Calcified Skeleton and Teeth Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2704 - 2716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Hoffman, A. D. Weston, and T. M. Underhill Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Chondroblast Differentiation J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., April 28, 2003; 85(90002): 124 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Alfaro, B. Fraile, M. V. T. Lobo, M. Royuela, R. Paniagua, and M. I. Arenas Immunohistochemical Detection of the Retinoid X Receptors {alpha}, {beta}, and {gamma} in Human Prostate J Androl, January 1, 2003; 24(1): 113 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ertesvag, N. Engedal, S. Naderi, and H. K. Blomhoff Retinoic Acid Stimulates the Cell Cycle Machinery in Normal T Cells: Involvement of Retinoic Acid Receptor-Mediated IL-2 Secretion J. Immunol., November 15, 2002; 169(10): 5555 - 5563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Dreuillet, J. Tillit, M. Kress, and M. Ernoult-Lange In vivo and in vitro interaction between human transcription factor MOK2 and nuclear lamin A/C Nucleic Acids Res., November 1, 2002; 30(21): 4634 - 4642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G Ellison, T Klinowska, R F R Westwood, E Docter, T French, and J C Fox Further evidence to support the melanocytic origin of MDA-MB-435 Mol. Pathol., October 1, 2002; 55(5): 294 - 299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. B. McDermott, D. F. Gordon, C. A. Kramer, Q. Liu, E. Linney, W. M. Wood, and B. R. Haugen Isolation and Functional Analysis of the Mouse RXRgamma 1 Gene Promoter in Anterior Pituitary Cells J. Biol. Chem., September 20, 2002; 277(39): 36839 - 36844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Sacchetti, H. Dwornik, P. Formstecher, C. Rachez, and P. Lefebvre Requirements for Heterodimerization between the Orphan Nuclear Receptor Nurr1 and Retinoid X Receptors J. Biol. Chem., September 13, 2002; 277(38): 35088 - 35096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Liu, K. M. Ogilvie, K. Klausing, M. A. Lawson, D. Jolley, D. Li, J. Bilakovics, B. Pascual, N. Hein, M. Urcan, et al. Mechanism of Selective Retinoid X Receptor Agonist-Induced Hypothyroidism in the Rat Endocrinology, August 1, 2002; 143(8): 2880 - 2885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Helledie, L. Grontved, S. S. Jensen, P. Kiilerich, L. Rietveld, T. Albrektsen, M. S. Boysen, J. Nohr, L. K. Larsen, J. Fleckner, et al. The Gene Encoding the Acyl-CoA-binding Protein Is Activated by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma through an Intronic Response Element Functionally Conserved between Humans and Rodents J. Biol. Chem., July 19, 2002; 277(30): 26821 - 26830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Madsen, M. Guerre-Millo, E. N. Flindt, K. Berge, K. J. Tronstad, E. Bergene, E. Sebokova, A. C. Rustan, J. Jensen, S. Mandrup, et al. Tetradecylthioacetic acid prevents high fat diet induced adiposity and insulin resistance J. Lipid Res., May 1, 2002; 43(5): 742 - 750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Wightman, M. S. Roberson, T. J. Lamkin, S. Varvayanis, and A. Yen Retinoic Acid-induced Growth Arrest and Differentiation: Retinoic Acid Up-Regulates CD32 (Fc{gamma}RII) Expression, the Ectopic Expression of Which Retards the Cell Cycle Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2002; 1(7): 493 - 506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Ghosh, X. Yang, A. Zhang, M. H. Lambert, H. Li, H. E. Xu, and J. D. Chen Interactions that determine the assembly of a retinoid X receptor/corepressor complex PNAS, April 30, 2002; 99(9): 5842 - 5847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. Ruse Jr., M. L. Privalsky, and F. M. Sladek Competitive Cofactor Recruitment by Orphan Receptor Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4{alpha}1: Modulation by the F Domain Mol. Cell. Biol., March 15, 2002; 22(6): 1626 - 1638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sugawara, A. Uruno, M. Kudo, Y. Ikeda, K. Sato, Y. Taniyama, S. Ito, and K. Takeuchi Transcription Suppression of Thromboxane Receptor Gene by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma via an Interaction with Sp1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells J. Biol. Chem., March 15, 2002; 277(12): 9676 - 9683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Clark The role of PPARs in inflammation and immunity J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2002; 71(3): 388 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mohan, J.R. Malayer, R.D. Geisert, and G.L. Morgan Expression Patterns of Retinoid X Receptors, Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase, and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma in Bovine Preattachment Embryos Biol Reprod, March 1, 2002; 66(3): 692 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. A. B. Drover, N. C. W. Wong, and L. B. Agellon A Distinct Thyroid Hormone Response Element Mediates Repression of the Human Cholesterol 7{alpha}-Hydroxylase (CYP7A1) Gene Promoter Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2002; 16(1): 14 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Parrado, G. Despouy, R. Kraiba, C. L. Pogam, S. Dupas, M. Choquette, M. Robledo, J. Larghero, H. Bui, I. L. Gall, et al. Retinoic acid receptor {alpha}1 variants, RAR{alpha}1{Delta}B and RAR{alpha}1{Delta}BC, define a new class of nuclear receptor isoforms Nucleic Acids Res., December 15, 2001; 29(24): 4901 - 4908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Berge, K. J. Tronstad, E. N. Flindt, T. H. Rasmussen, L. Madsen, K. Kristiansen, and R. K. Berge Tetradecylthioacetic acid inhibits growth of rat glioma cells ex vivo and in vivo via PPAR-dependent and PPAR-independent pathways Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2001; 22(11): 1747 - 1755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. C. Adamson, B. C. Widemann, G. H. Reaman, N. L. Seibel, R. F. Murphy, A. F. Gillespie, and F. M. Balis A Phase I Trial and Pharmacokinetic Study of 9-cis-Retinoic Acid (ALRT1057) in Pediatric Patients with Refractory Cancer: A Joint Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, and Children's Cancer Group Study Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2001; 7(10): 3034 - 3039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Osburn, G. Shao, H. M. Seidel, and I. G. Schulman Ligand-Dependent Degradation of Retinoid X Receptors Does Not Require Transcriptional Activity or Coactivator Interactions Mol. Cell. Biol., August 1, 2001; 21(15): 4909 - 4918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sugawara, K. Takeuchi, A. Uruno, Y. Ikeda, S. Arima, M. Kudo, K. Sato, Y. Taniyama, and S. Ito Transcriptional Suppression of Type 1 Angiotensin II Receptor Gene Expression by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{{gamma}} in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Endocrinology, July 1, 2001; 142(7): 3125 - 3134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Lawrence, P. C. Adamson, R. Caruso, C. Chow, D. Kleiner, R. F. Murphy, D. J. Venzon, M. Shovlin, M. Noone, M. Merino, et al. Phase I Clinical Trial of Alitretinoin and Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer Patients: Toxicity, Pharmacokinetic, and Biomarker Evaluations J. Clin. Oncol., May 15, 2001; 19(10): 2754 - 2763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Duvic, A. G. Martin, Y. Kim, E. Olsen, G. S. Wood, C. A. Crowley, R. C. Yocum, and for the Worldwide Bexarotene Study Group Phase 2 and 3 Clinical Trial of Oral Bexarotene (Targretin Capsules) for the Treatment of Refractory or Persistent Early-Stage Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Arch Dermatol, May 1, 2001; 137(5): 581 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Ahuja, S. Liu, D. L. Crombie, M. Boehm, M. D. Leibowitz, R. A. Heyman, C. Depre, L. Nagy, P. Tontonoz, and P. J. A. Davies Differential Effects of Rexinoids and Thiazolidinediones on Metabolic Gene Expression in Diabetic Rodents Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2001; 59(4): 765 - 773. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Klaassen, R. H. Brakenhoff, S. J. Smeets, G. B. Snow, and B. J. M. Braakhuis Enhanced Turnover of all-trans-Retinoic Acid and Increased Formation of Polar Metabolites in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lines Compared with Normal Oral Keratinocytes Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 7(4): 1017 - 1025. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 |
