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NPAT activates histone gene transcription. Shown here is an immunofluorescence analysis of NPAT, a substrate of cyclin E-Cdk2, in primary human fibroblast WI38 cells. NPAT is visualized in green, and nuclear DNA is stained with DAPI (blue). The cell in S phase (left) is labeled by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation (red). There are four NPAT spots in S-phase cells while there are only two NPAT spots in G1-phase (BrdU-negative) cells. All four NPAT spots in S-phase cells are associated with histone gene clusters on both chromosomes 1 and 6. (For details, see Zhao et al., p. 2283, and Ma et al., p. 2298.)