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Spatial expression of ins-4, a Caenorhabditis elegans insulin-related gene. Shown here is green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression under control of the ins-4 promoter. Approximately one third of the length of an adult animal is visible, beginning posterior to the pharynx (left). ins-4 is expressed in the hypodermis at the surface of the animal. Regions with reduced fluorescence overlie positions of the body wall muscles, where the hypodermal layer is much thinner. The hypodermis is helically twisted due to the transformation marker rol-6. The ins-4 promoter, like all other ins gene promoters tested, directs GFP expression in neurons, which are not visible in this focal plane. (For details, see Pierce et al., p. 672.)